Q: Is Decorative Flooring, LLC (Decor Flooring)'s engineered wood products a low VOC product. What is the E0 grade of GB/T9846.1-9846.8.2004? Decor Flooring claims that all their Santos Mahogany engineered wood flooring is E0 rated as per the standard mentioned above. However, what does that really mean? Is this a low VOC product?
—Asked by Noble R. Abdullah, Spring, TX

A: This is a good question regarding the toxicity of an engineered wood product. Every manufacturer loves to show that their product has been approved by a rating agency. Nowadays, there are more than 200 labeling organizations offering green certifications. And most want money for their labels. When you research the criteria for how each label is awarded to see if the label is worth its salt, it reads like a long legal description on a tract of real estate.

How do agencies determine if their product is safe?

Few agencies do their own testing because it is far too expensive and most rely on information available on line or from the government, universities or medical institutions. While there is nothing inherently wrong with this approach, it is difficult to feel confident that the information one reads is reliable. This is especially true when the subject matter is a product made from an overseas manufacturer. No matter what is claimed, there is rarely any third party independent certification and if there is, it is usually looks much like a fake ID made from some laboratory which is almost impossible to track.

Potential toxic chemicals in engineered hardwood flooring

When it comes to engineered hardwood flooring, there are two potential sources of toxic chemicals: 1) The adhesive binding the various layers together which often contains urea formaldehyde (a known carcinogen) and 2) the finish such as polyurethane or aluminum oxide applied to the surfaces of the wood which may off-gas toxic volatile organic compounds, known as VOCs, for weeks or months.

Much of the engineered hardwood sold in the US is imported from overseas and is manufactured according to a variety of standards. There is no one standard accepted worldwide as to how much formaldehyde or VOCs are acceptable to one's health. The E0 grade you mentioned is most likely a standard from China.

The "E" stands for emissions

Below is information from Wood & Timber Trade website that addresses the question of formaldehyde in China:

In China, the grade of Formaldehyde Emission of Wood Based Panels are E0, E1, E2 . E0, E1, E2 are the Formaldehyde Emission standards for MDF, HDF, Particleboard, OSB, plywood, veneered plywood, blockboard, melamine faced board, floor.

According to the national compulsory standard GB18580-2001, all wood-based panels should meet E1 or E2 grade.

In China, E0 ('0' is the number '0', not letter 'O') comes from the national standard GB/T9846.1- 9846.8-2004 . However, E0 grade is not compulsory standard in China. But many manufacturers are trying to adopt E0 standard in production.

The standard of E0, E1, E2 according to China standard (desiccator test value):
E0=0.5mg/L
E1=1.5mg/L
E2=5.0mg/L

How do these standards relate to the standards of other countries? Let's compare E0. 5 mg/L = .5 ppm (parts per million). That is less than OSHA standards but does not come close to the German E1 (.106 ppm) or their new E0 (.07 ppm) or Japanese (.04 ppm) or the US CARB2 California (.05 ppm). This Chinese standard allows 10 times more formaldehyde than what is allowed in the state of California, yet just a few years ago it was acceptable all over the US. Would you accept this?

What does the E0 rating really mean? Is this a low VOC product?

Most people can't smell the difference between .5 and .05 ppm. It's too small. But some chemically sensitive people can detect this difference quite easily. Urea formaldehyde is a VOC and classified as a potential carcinogen. However, acceptable concentrations seem to depend upon each individuals reaction to it. Some can tolerate more than others. Just because it may not bother you doesn't mean it is good to inhale. Often low concentrations of formaldehyde emissions are undetectable, yet over time, they can have a serious impact on ones health.

Most of the chemically sensitive people we encounter on a daily basis often tell us they were not so sensitive when younger, but over time, in the presence of some undetected chemical(s) became highly sensitized and quite ill from breathing in toxic emissions.

Ultimately the decision of whose standard to accept is up to you. We highly recommend that you avoid those standards that accept higher levels of formaldehdye and choose those with less. While green labels may be based on solid criteria, unless you know how they award labels, its best to proceed with caution. Even at our store where we sell several US and European flooring products with the lowest levels of formaldehdye, we still recommend that everyone test samples for their own personal tolerances.

Test your tolerance

One way to test your own tolerance level (that many of our chemically sensitive customers use) is to obtain a current sample (not an old one) and place it in a hot car for several hours. The heat from the car helps accelerate off-gassing and when you re-enter the car the odor should be more noticable and its effects on your physiology more obvious. You can do the same test by placing the sample in a glass jar with a tight lid. It's not as good as the test in the car but it may be easier for you.

The bottom line is you have to do your homework, ask tough questions and test, test, test.

For a more complete discussion about VOCs and Health check out IAQ and Your Health: A Deeper Look at VOCs and Formaldehyde Emissions.